Pakistan’s Submarine Expansion: A Direct Challenge to India
Pakistan is set to deploy eight new Hangor-class submarines by 2026, sourced from China, in a move that could shift naval power dynamics in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). These submarines, equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), will enhance Pakistan’s stealth and strike capabilities, forcing India to rethink its maritime strategy amid ongoing tensions.
Hangor-Class Submarines: Key Features and Strategic Impact
- AIP Technology: Enables longer underwater endurance, reducing detection risks.
- Advanced Armaments: Likely armed with torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, boosting Pakistan’s offensive reach.
- China-Pakistan Collaboration: Four submarines built in China; four assembled in Pakistan, strengthening Islamabad’s defense autonomy.
This $5 billion program narrows the naval gap with India, which has traditionally dominated the region with a larger and more advanced fleet.
India’s Countermeasures: Maintaining Naval Superiority
1. Fast-Track Submarine Modernization
- Project-75I: India must expedite its stalled plan to acquire six AIP-equipped submarines.
- Arihant-Class Expansion: While nuclear submarines provide strategic deterrence, more conventional AIP subs are needed for tactical threats.
2. Boost Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Capabilities
- P-8I Poseidon Fleet: India’s Boeing P-8I aircraft are critical for submarine detection—more acquisitions may be necessary.
- Undersea Drones & Sensors: Investing in unmanned systems and seabed surveillance networks can improve tracking.
3. Strengthen Regional Alliances
- Quad Cooperation: Joint exercises with the US, Japan, and Australia enhance ASW readiness.
- Defense Partnerships: Deeper ties with France (Scorpène submarines) and Russia (Kilo-class upgrades) can offset Pakistan’s gains.
The China Factor: A Broader Regional Threat
Pakistan’s submarine surge aligns with China’s “String of Pearls” strategy to encircle India:
– Dual Naval Front: India faces potential threats from Pakistan (Arabian Sea) and China (Bay of Bengal).
– IOR Dominance: China’s submarine sales to Bangladesh and Myanmar further complicate India’s security calculus.
India’s Path Forward
- Urgent Procurement: Address delays in Project-75I and induct advanced subs by 2030.
- ASW Dominance: Deploy more P-8Is, underwater drones, and satellite surveillance.
- Diplomatic Leverage: Expand naval partnerships to counter China-Pakistan collaboration.
Conclusion
Pakistan’s submarine upgrade is a clear signal for India to accelerate naval modernization. While India retains an edge, proactive investments in ASW, indigenous projects, and alliances are vital to securing its maritime interests in an increasingly contested Indian Ocean.
